
Person
Kyle D. Fee
Policy Advisor
Department
Community Development
Kyle Fee is a policy advisor in the Community Development Department of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. In this role, he conducts applied research and outreach related to economic development, workforce development, and economic geography in the Fourth District.
Mr. Fee holds a BS in economics and business administration from John Carroll University and an MA in urban studies/economic development from Loyola University, Chicago. He is pursuing his PhD at the Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs at Cleveland State University.
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Working Papers
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Working Paper
Opioids and the Labor Market
07.14.2022 | WP 18-07R3This paper quantifies the relationship between local opioid prescription rates and labor market outcomes in the United States between 2006 and 2016. To understand this relationship at the national level, we assemble a data set that allows us both to include rural areas and to estimate the relationship at a disaggregated level. We control for geographic variation in both short-term and long-term economic conditions. In our preferred specification, a 10 percent higher local prescription rate is associated with a lower prime-age labor force participation rate of 0.53 percentage points for men and 0.10 percentage points for women. We focus on measuring the impact of opioid prescriptions on labor markets, so we evaluate the robustness of our estimates to an alternative causal path, unobserved selection, and an instrumental variable from the literature. -
Working Paper
Opioids and the Labor Market
11.15.2019 | WP 18-07R2The second revision of this working paper studies the relationship between local opioid prescription rates and labor market outcomes for prime-age men and women between 2006 and 2016. We estimate three panel models to control for evolving local economic conditions: a difference-in-differences specification, a specification with specific controls for economic conditions, and a model that focuses on a comparison group of place with similar performance in 2000. These modelling approaches find a range of statistically significant and economically substantial results for both prime-age men and women. -
Working Paper
Opioids and the Labor Market
03.01.2019 | WP 18-07ROur first revision of this working paper improves the joint measurement of labor market outcomes and prescription rates in the rural areas where nearly 30 percent of the US population lives. We find that increasing the local prescription rate by 10 percent decreases the prime-age employment rate by 0.50 percentage points for men and 0.17 percentage points for women. Our estimates imply that prescription opioids can account for 44 percent of the realized national decrease in men’s labor force participation between 2001 and 2015. -
Working Paper
The Relationship between City Center Density and Urban Growth or Decline
06.01.2012 | WP 12-13In this paper we contrast the spatial patterns of population density and other demographic changes in growing versus shrinking MSAs from 1980 to 2010.
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Economic Commentaries
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Economic Commentary
Economic Inclusion 2000–2020: Labor Market Trends by Race in the US and States
03.22.2021 | EC 2021-06This Commentary examines the extent to which disparities exist between Blacks and whites in labor market outcomes such as levels of labor force participation, unemployment rates, and earnings. To gauge whether disparities have narrowed or widened since 2000, national trends in these outcomes during the past two decades are compared to the trends in three states: Kentucky, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Finally, to assess the current state of economic inclusion as reflected in the labor market, gaps in Black and white outcomes are compared across US states in 2020. -
Economic Commentary
Which Poor Neighborhoods Experienced Income Growth in Recent Decades?
04.09.2014 | EC 2014-06Why has average income grown in some poor neighborhoods over the past 30 years and not in others? -
Economic Commentary
Estimating the Impact of Fast-Tracking Foreclosures in Ohio and Pennsylvania
03.06.2014 | EC 2014-03All the signs in the housing market seem to be pointing the right way, except the amount of time loans are spending in the foreclosure process. Foreclosure fast-tracks for vacant homes in foreclosure may help reverse that trend. -
Economic Commentary
Population Distribution and Educational Attainment within MSAs, 1980-2010
11.19.2013 | EC 2013-18Though most people in the US live in metropolitan areas, they’ve been choosing to live farther and farther from the center of those areas since the 1950s. -
Economic Commentary
Housing Recovery: How Far Have We Come?
10.02.2013 | EC 2013-11Four years into the economic recovery, housing markets have finally started to improve. -
Economic Commentary
The Concentration of Poverty Within Metropolitan Areas
01.31.2013 | EC 2013-01Not only has poverty recently increased in the United States, it has also become more concentrated. -
Economic Commentary
Urban Growth and Decline: The Role of Population Density at the City Core
12.21.2011 | EC 2011-27In recent decades, some cities have seen their urban centers lose population density, as residents spread farther out to suburbs and exurbs. Others have kept populous downtowns even as their environs have grown. -
Economic Commentary
The Growing Difference in College Attainment between Women and Men
10.18.2011 | EC 2011-21Workers with more education typically earn more than those with less education, and the difference has been growing in recent decades. -
Economic Commentary
Unemployment, Labor Costs, and Recessions: Implications for the Inflation Outlook
09.07.2011 | EC 2011-17Economists have been arguing about the connection between unemployment and inflation for decades.
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Community Development Reports
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Community Development Reports
Does Job Quality Affect Occupational Mobility?
08.04.2022Workers in the highest-quality jobs are more likely to remain in those jobs and less likely to be unemployed or leave the labor force. The opposite is true for workers in the lowest-quality jobs. This analysis adds to a growing body of research about job quality and shows that it is an important dimension of the labor market to consider. -
Community Development Reports
Has Bank Consolidation Changed People’s Access to a Full-Service Bank Branch?
07.13.2022As consolidation within the banking industry during the 2000s accelerated in the 2010s, the number of banking institutions and the branches they operate fluctuated. How did these changes affect banking customers? -
Community Development Reports
Has Bank Consolidation Changed People’s Access to a Full-Service Bank Branch?
10.06.2021As consolidation within the banking industry during the 2000s accelerated in the 2010s, the number of banking institutions and the branches they operate fluctuated. How did these changes affect banking customers? -
Community Development Reports
Missed Connections in Cleveland: The Disconnect Between Job Access and Employment
08.11.2021Generally, a high job-access rate has a positive impact on employment; that is, in areas where jobs are easier to reach, employment rates are usually higher. But this isn’t true for the Cleveland metro area. In fact, we see the reverse: Neighborhoods with high rates of job access tend to have low employment rates, and neighborhoods with low rates of job access tend to have high employment rates. -
Community Development Reports
The Decline in Access to Jobs and the Location of Employment Growth in US Metro Areas: Implications for Economic Opportunity and Mobility
10.01.2020Increasing workers’ access to jobs has been found to significantly decrease the duration of joblessness among lower-income unemployed workers. Policies that influence the location of employment growth within a metro area could impact the pace of the labor market recovery from the COVID-19-induced recession. By studying trends in job access, we discern developments that might inform our policy choices. -
Community Development Reports
Exploring a Skills-Based Approach to Occupational Mobility
06.01.2020Fed research shows that defining occupations by the skills required to do them could expand opportunities for economic mobility. -
Community Development Reports
Understanding the Disconnect between Economic Development and Workforce Development Systems
12.19.2019The economic development field encourages business and job growth, while workforce development ensures individuals have the education, skills, and training needed to obtain jobs. This report provides perspectives on alignment as well as challenges and opportunities for greater alignment between the two systems, using stakeholder input from the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland’s Fourth District. -
Community Development Reports
How much opportunity is in your economy for workers without a four-year degree?
04.01.2019College-educated workers typically have greater success in the labor market than do workers without a bachelor’s degree (hereafter “sub-baccalaureate workers”), as measured by both earnings and rates of employment. In light of research indicating a “polarization” of the labor market with an increase of higher- and lower-wage jobs and a decline in middle-wage jobs, it is worth asking this question: Do certain regional economies offer greater opportunity than others for the more than two-thirds of adults without a bachelor’s degree? -
Community Development Reports
Exploring Employment for Sub-Baccalaureate Workers Across Metro Areas and Over Time
04.01.2019This report updates a 2015 publication investigating regional economic opportunity for workers without a four-year college degree. -
Community Development Reports
Exploring Employment for Sub-Baccalaureate Workers Across Metro Areas and Over Time Fact Sheets
04.01.2019A companion to “Exploring Employment for Sub-Baccalaureate Workers Across Metro Areas and Over Time,” this report extends the opportunity occupation research by providing detailed information metropolitan areas. -
Community Development Reports
The Opioid Epidemic and Its Effects: A Perspective on What We Know from the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
05.31.2018Drug overdoses are now the leading cause of death for Americans under 50. In the Fourth District states of Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, opioid overdose deaths are occurring at rates that exceed the 2016 national average of 13.2 deaths per 100,000 people. -
Community Development Reports
Opportunity Occupations: Exploring Employers’ Educational Preferences for Registered Nurses Using Online Job Posting Data
10.04.2017This A Look behind the Numbers takes a deep dive into the registered nurse (RN) labor market, using online job posting data to gain a better understanding of how much education employers prefer when hiring. -
Community Development Reports
Neighborhood Change in the Fourth Federal Reserve District: A Multivariate Approach
02.28.2017This special report provides a description of neighborhood change in the four largest cities of the Fourth Federal Reserve District, Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus, Ohio, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from 1970 to 2010. -
Community Development Reports
Broadband and High-speed Internet Access in the Fourth District
12.08.2016This report documents the availability of high-speed internet access in the Fourth Federal Reserve District. While our analysis clearly shows there is limited broadband access in rural parts of the Fourth District, it shows that urban low- and moderate-income (LMI) areas also have limited access. -
Community Development Reports
Addressing Employment Needs through Sector Partnerships: Case studies from across the Federal Reserve's Fourth District
08.15.2016This special report examines multiple sector-based partnerships addressing the job-skills mismatch facing employers in the Fourth District. Spanning various industries, including healthcare, IT, advanced manufacturing, marine mechanics, and coal mining, these initiatives differ in fundamental ways. But all emphasize collaboration between employers and economic and educational organizations. Overall, such partnerships appear to be working for both employers and workers, with evaluations identifying increased wages, reduced turnover, and increased productivity. -
Community Development Reports
Opportunity Occupations in Ohio: Identification, Online Postings, and Employer Education Preferences
01.22.2016In this report we take an in-depth look at “opportunity occupations”—those jobs that do not require a four-year degree and that pay a decent wage—in Ohio’s eight largest metro areas. -
Community Development Reports
Identifying Opportunity Occupations in the Nation’s Largest Metropolitan Economies
09.09.2015Researchers investigate the extent to which the U.S. economy offers decent-paying jobs to workers without a four-year college degree. -
Community Development Reports
Applying Research to Policy Issues in Distressed Housing Markets: Data-Driven Decision Making
Thomas J. Fitzpatrick IV O. Emre Ergungor Kyle D. Fee Daniel A. Hartley Francisca García-Cobián Richter Youngme Seo Stephan D. Whitaker Mary Zenker06.01.2015This publication is a compilation of research published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland on housing markets that are experiencing foreclosure and/or a large number of vacant properties, including a policy white paper released May 2013...
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Notes from the Field
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Notes from the Field
Worker Voices Project: Perspectives from Ohio
09.02.2022This summer, the Cleveland Fed held its first listening session to hear perspectives from workers—particularly low-wage workers and workers of color. The biggest takeaway? Job quality—not just a paycheck—is more important than ever. -
Notes from the Field
Looking for Opportunities to Advance? The Occupational Mobility Explorer Can Help
05.06.2021Both jobseekers and workforce development professionals can use this interactive tool to turn job skills into higher-paying positions. How will you use it? -
Notes from the Field
Skills Are Bridges Not Gaps: A Skills-Based Approach for Transitioning Workers to Higher-Paying Occupations
06.24.2020Skills-based hiring practices—those that prioritize skills necessary to succeed in a role over formal educational credentials—show potential for securing higher positions for lower-wage workers and helping employers get the workers they need. -
Notes from the Field
Reflections on Discriminatory Lending: Past and Present
05.08.2018What have we learned about discriminatory lending practices 50 years after the Fair Housing Act was passed? For one, it’s very important to have complete data to make a conclusive claim. -
Notes from the Field
A Trip to the State Capital with the Ohio Workforce Coalition
04.21.2015Senior Policy Analyst Kyle Fee learns more about the state’s workforce development efforts.
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Ask the Expert
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Ask the Expert
So many today lament that people “just don’t want to work.” Is it true? Or is something else keeping people from working?
05.09.2023In this Ask the Expert, Kyle Fee, a Cleveland Fed community development policy advisor who researches issues related to economic and workforce development, identifies actions employers are and are not taking to attract workers. -
Ask the Expert
What difference do you hope the Fed's Occupational Mobility Explorer tool makes for workers and employers? Does that difference change in light of the global pandemic?
02.23.2021The Fed’s Occupational Mobility Explorer tool is intended to help low-wage workers interested in upward mobility find jobs that don’t need a four-year degree.
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Forefront
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Forefront
It’s Goodbye to Print, Not Goodbye to You
08.16.2017 | Spring 2017, Vol. 8, No. 1Innovations in US payments will transform the way the payment system works over a period of years. -
Forefront
The Why of Weak Wages
07.13.2015 | Summer 2015, Vol. 6, No. 2What has driven the slow growth of wages, which occupations have experienced faster wage growth, and which have experienced no wage growth? -
Forefront
Focused on the Workforce…But Why?
06.05.2015 | Web ExclusiveAt a glance, workforce development may seem outside the Federal Reserve System’s typical purview. But it’s not. A Cleveland Fed analyst offers 10 reasons why the Federal Reserve is committed to workforce development. -
Forefront
Rebuilding Communities
Kyle D. Fee Todd E. Clark Anne M. DiTeodoro Anne O’Shaughnessy April McClellan-Copeland Sandra Pianalto09.25.2012 | Summer 2012, Vol. 3, No. 2Policy Summit 2012 presented attendees with new ways to approach economic development that is multipronged, holistic, and includes long-term planning and execution. -
Forefront
A Proposal: Using the CRA to Fight Vacancy and Abandonment
O. Emre Ergungor Kyle D. Fee Thomas J. Fitzpatrick IV Lou Marich Todd Morgano Lisa A. Nelson Anne O’Shaughnessy Sandra Pianalto Ann Marie Wiersch05.03.2010 | Spring 2010, Vol. 1, No. 2In 2009, banks became the reluctant holders of more than 1,500 foreclosed properties in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Most of these houses are in Cleveland, worth little to nothing, and in danger of remaining vacant for the foreseeable future—destined to define neighborhood decay.
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